2016 Meet the Professors

Monday May 16, 5:00 – 6:00 pm, Breck Deck North

Students and postdocs are invited to the first VSS “Meet the Professors” event between 5:00 and 6:00 pm on Monday night (Demo night). This will be an opportunity for a free-wheeling, open-ended discussion with members of the VSS Board and a number of other professors. You might chat about science, the meeting, building a career, or whatever comes up. Participants must “pre-register” (see Registration form below). You will select a specific professor (So that people can be evenly distributed). After 30 minutes, we will give everyone the option of staying put or moving to another table of their choice.

Note: Members of the VSS Board are indicated with *, in case you have a specific interest in talking to a member of the Board.
Participants

Derek Arnold (The University of Queensland) studies links between neural processing and conscious perceptual experience, with specific interests in human time perception, cross modal perception, and perceptual rivalry.

Jan Atkinson (University College – London) studies typical and atypical visual development (including visual attention) in infants and children e.g. Williams syndrome, autism.

Marty Banks (Berkeley) studies depth perception in humans with an emphasis on stereopsis and visual optics. He also works on display development and evaluation and thus has quite a bit of experience with industry.

Eli Brenner* (Free University, Amsterdam) studies how visual information is used to guide our actions

Angela Brown (Ohio State) studies visual sensory development in human infants (basic and clinical), and color vision and color naming in world languages

Marisa Carrasco (NYU) uses human psychophysics, neuroimaging, and computational modeling to investigate the relation between the psychological and neural mechanisms involved in visual perception and attention.

Andrew Glennerster (U. Reading, UK) studies 3D vision in freely moving observers

Mary Hayhoe* (UT-Austin) studies eye movements, visuo-motor control, attention, and memory, especially in natural behaviors.

Steve Most (U New South Wales, Sydney) studies visual attention and awareness, with special interests in the role of emotion and in building bridges between visual cognition and social- and clinical- psychology

Shin’ya Nishida (NTT, Kyoto) studies how we perceive visual movements, time, and object materials.

Jeff Schall* (Vanderbilt) studies the neural and computational mechanisms that guide, control and monitor visually-guided gaze behavior.

Jan Theeuwes (Free University, Amsterdam) studies the control of attention and eye movements

Frank Tong* (Vanderbilt) studies mechanisms of visual perception, attention, object recognition and working memory by applying psychophysical, computational and neuroimaging approaches.

Preeti Verghese* (Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute) studies spatial vision, visual search and attention, as well as eye and hand movements in normal vision and in individuals with central field loss

Andrew Watson* (NASA) studies human spatial, temporal and motion processing, computational modeling of vision, and applications of vision science to imaging technology.

Jeremy Wolfe* (Harvard Med & Brigham and Women’s Hospital) studies visual attention and visual search with a special interest in socially important tasks like cancer screening in radiology.

Yaoda Xu (Harvard) studies the neural mechanisms mediating mid- to high-level visual object representations in the human brain and the interactions of these representations with attention, visual short-term memory and task performance.

Recipient of the Davida Teller Award 2017 – Mary Hayhoe

VSS established the Davida Teller Award in 2013. Davida was an exceptional scientist, mentor and colleague, who for decades led the field of visual development. The award is therefore given to an outstanding woman vision scientist with a strong history of mentoring.
Congratulations to Mary Hayhoe, Professor of Psychology at the Center for Perceptual Systems at the University of Texas Austin, who is the fifth recipient of the Davida Teller Award. Mary Hayhoe received her PhD from the University of California, San Diego in 1980. She was a member of the Center for Visual Science at the University of Rochester from 1984 – 2005. In 2006, Mary moved to the Center for Perceptual Systems at the University of Texas Austin. She is the acknowledged leader in developing experimental paradigms for the investigation of natural visually guided behavior in both real and virtual environments. She has particular expertise in human eye movements in natural environments, especially how gaze behavior relates to attention, working memory, and cognitive goals.

The award will be presented at the 2017 VSS Awards Session in St. Pete Beach, Florida on Monday, May 22, at 12:30 pm.

For more information on Mary Hayhoe, please visit the Davida Teller Award page.

VSS Public Lecture – Nancy Kanwisher

This  year’s Public Lecture will be delivered by Nancy Kanwisher, a faculty member in the Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences at MIT. The Lecture will be held at the beautiful Museum of Fine Arts, on Saturday, May 20, 2017. Nancy’s talk, “Functional Imaging of the Human Brain as a Window into the Mind” is open to the public and included in the price of museum admission.

Though intended for the public, VSS attendees may attend the Public Lecture.

The museum has graciously offered VSS attendees free admission to the Museum during the meeting dates of May 19 – 24, 2017. For museum entry, simply show your meeting badge.

Functional Imaging of the Human Brain as a Window into the Mind
Saturday, May 20, 11:00 am – 12:00 pm,
Museum of Fine Arts, St. Petersburg, Florida

Twenty-five years ago with the invention fMRI it became possible to image neural activity in the normal human brain. This remarkable tool has given us a striking new picture of the human brain, in which many regions have been shown to carry out highly specific mental functions, like the perception of faces, speech sounds, and music, and even very abstract mental functions like understanding a sentence or thinking about another person’s thoughts. These discoveries show that human minds and brains are not single general-purpose devices, but are instead made up of numerous distinct processors, each carrying out different functions. I’ll discuss some of the evidence for highly specialized brain regions, and what we know about each. I’ll also consider the tantalizing unanswered questions we are trying to tackle now: What other specialized brain regions do we have?  What are the connections between these each of these specialized regions and the rest of the brain? How do these regions develop over infancy and childhood?  How do these regions work together to produce uniquely human intelligence?

Attending the Public Lecture

The lecture is free to the public with admission to the museum. Museum members are free; Adults $17; Seniors 65 and older $15; Military with Id $15; College Students $10; Students 7-18 $10; Children 6 and under are free. VSS attendees will receive free admission to the Museum by showing your meeting badge.

About the VSS Public Lecture

The annual public lecture represents the mission and commitment of the Vision Sciences Society to promote progress in understanding vision, and its relation to cognition, action and the brain. Education is basic to our science, and as scientists we are obliged to communicate the results of our work, not only to our professional colleagues but to the broader public. This lecture is part of our effort to give back to the community that supports us.

Announcing the VSS 2017 Satellite Events

Computational and Mathematical Models in Vision (MODVIS)
Wednesday, May 17 – Friday, May 19, Horizons
9:00 am – 6:00 pm, Wednesday
9:00 am – 6:00 pm, Thursday
9:00 am – 12:00 pm Friday

Organizers: Jeff Mulligan, NASA Ames Research Center; Zyg Pizlo, Purdue University; Anne Sereno, U. Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Qasim Zaidi, SUNY College of Optometry

The 6th VSS satellite workshop on Computational and Mathematical Models in Vision (MODVIS) will be held at the VSS conference venue (the TradeWinds Island Resorts in St. Pete Beach, FL) May 17 – May 19. A keynote address will be given by Aude Oliva (MIT).

The early registration fee is $80 for regular participants, $40 for students. More information can be found on the workshop’s website: http://www.conf.purdue.edu/modvis/

Implicit Guidance of Attention: Developing theoretical models
Thursday, May 18

9:00 am – 6:00 pm, Room TBA

Organizers: Rebecca Todd, University of British Columbia and Chelazzi Leonardo, University of Verona

Speakers: Leo Chelazzi, Jane Raymond, Rebecca Todd, Andreas Keil, Clayton Hickey, Sarah Shomstein, Ayelet Landau, Brian Anderson, Jan Theeuwes

Visual selective attention is the process by which we tune ourselves to the world so that, of the millions of bits per second transmitted by the retina, the information that is most important to us reaches awareness and guides action. Recently, new areas of attention research have emerged, making sharp divisions between top-down volitional attention and bottom-up automatic capture by visual features much less clear than previously believed. Challenges to this intuitively appealing dichotomy have arisen as researchers have identified factors that guide attention non-strategically and often implicitly (a quality of bottom-up processes) but also rely on prior knowledge or experience (a quality of top-down systems). As a result, a number of researchers have been developing new theoretical frameworks that move beyond the classic attentional dichotomy. This roundtable discussion will bring together researchers from often-siloized investigative tracks who have been investigating effects of reward, emotion, semantic associations, and statistical learning on attentional guidance, as well as underlying neurocognitive mechanisms. The goal of this roundtable is to discuss these emerging frameworks and outstanding questions that arise from considering a broader range of research findings.

In the Fondest Memory of Bosco Tjan (Memorial Symposium at VSS)
Friday, May 19
9:00 – 11:30 am, Talk Room 2

Organizers: Zhong-lin Lu, The Ohio State University and Susana Chung, University of California, Berkeley

Speakers: Zhong-lin Lu, The Ohio State University, Gordon Legge, University of Minnesota, Irving Biederman, University of Southern California, Anirvan Nandy, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Rachel Millin, University of Washington, Zili Liu, UCLA, and Susana Chung, University of California, Berkeley

Professor Bosco S. Tjan was murdered at the pinnacle of a flourishing academic career on December 2, 2016. The vision science and cognitive neuroscience community lost a brilliant scientist and incisive commentator. I will briefly introduce Bosco’s life and career, and his contributions to vision science and cognitive neuroscience. More…

Bruce Bridgeman Memorial Symposium
Friday, May 19
9:00 – 11:30 am, Pavilion

Organizers: Susana Martinez-Conde, State University of New York

Speakers:
Stephen L. Macknik,  State University of New York; “A Small Piece of Bruce’s Legacy
Stanley A. Klein, UC Berkeley; “Consciousness and Cognition
Susana Martinez-Conde, State University of New York; “Bruce Bridgeman’s Pioneering Work on Microsaccades
Paul Dassonville, University of Oregon; “The Induced Roelofs Effect in Multisensory Perception and Action
Cathy Reed, Claremont Mckenna College; “Anything I Could Do Bruce Could Do Better
Laura Thomas, North Dakota State University; “A Legacy of Action

FoVea (Females of Vision et al) Workshop and Lunch
Saturday, May 20
12:30 – 2:00 pm, Horizons

Organizers: Diane Beck, University of Illinois; Mary A. Peterson, University of Arizona; Karen Schloss, University of Wisconsin – Madison; Allison Sekuler, McMaster University

FoVea is a group founded to advance the visibility, impact, and success of women in vision science. To that end, we plan to host a series of professional issues workshops during lunchtime at VSS. We encourage vision scientists of all genders to participate in the workshops.

The topic of the 2017 workshop is Negotiation: When To Do It and How To Do It Successfully. Two panelists will each give a presentation, and then will take questions and comments from the audience. The remainder of the workshop time will be spent networking with other attendees. The panelists are:

  • Marisa Carrasco, Professor of Psychology and Neural Science at New York University who served as the Chair of the Psychology Department for 6 years.
  • Allison Sekuler, Professor of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour and Strategic Advisor to the President and VPs on Academic Issues, McMaster University; past Canada Research Chair in Cognitive Neuroscience (2001-2011), Associate VP & Dean, School of Graduate Studies (2008-2016), and interim VP Research (2015-2016).

A buffet lunch will be available. Registration is required so the appropriate amount of food can be on hand. To register, please go to: https://sites.google.com/site/femalesofvisionetal/vss2017. Capacity is limited to 95 attendees.

How Immersive Eye Tracking Tools and VR Analytics Will Impact Vision Science Research
Saturday, May 20
12:30 – 2:00 pm, Jasmine/Palm

Organizers: Courtney Gray, SensoMotoric Instruments, Inc. and Annett Schilling, SensoMotoric Instruments GmbH

Speakers: Stephen Macknik, SUNY Downstate Medical Center; Gabriel Diaz, Rochester Institute of Tech; Mary Hayhoe, University of Texas

This event covers the implications of new immersive HMD technologies and dedicated VR analysis solutions for vision science research. Researchers share their experiences and discuss how they believe VR eye tracking headsets and the ability to analyze data from immersive scenarios will positively impact visual cognition and scene perception research.

Social Hour for Faculty at Primarily Undergraduate Institutions (PUIs)
Sunday, May 21
12:30 – 2:00 pm, Royal Tern

Organizers: Eriko Self, California State University, Fullerton; Cathy Reed, Claremont McKenna College; and Nestor Matthews, Denison University

Do you work at a primarily undergraduate institution (PUI)? Do you have to find precious time for research and mentoring students among heavy teaching load? If so, bring your lunch or just bring yourself to PUI social and get to know other faculty at PUIs! It will be a great opportunity to share your ideas and concerns.

Vanderbilt-Rochester Vision Centers Party
Sunday, May 21
7:30 – 10:00 pm, Beachside Sun Decks

Organizers: Geoffrey Woodman, Vanderbilt University and Duje Tadin, Rochester University

This event brings back the Vanderbilt-Rochester Party that began at the first VSS meetings. This social event will feature free drinks and snacks for all VSS attendees. It will provide attendees with the opportunity to socialize with members of the Rochester Center for Vision Science and the Vanderbilt Vision Research Center in attendance at VSS. This is a good opportunity to talk to potential mentors for graduate or postdoctoral training in vision science.

Applicational needs reinvent scientific views 
Monday, May 22
2:00 – 3:00 pm, Jasmine/Palm

Organizers: Katharina Rifai, Iliya V. Ivanov, and Siegfried Wahl, Institute of Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen

Speakers: Eli Peli, Schepens Eye Research Institute; Peter Bex, Northeastern University; Susana Chung, UC Berkeley; Markus Lappe, University of Münster; Michele Rucci, Boston University; Jeff Mulligan, NASA Ames Research Center; Arijit Chakraborty, School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo; Ian Erkelens, School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo; Kevin MacKenzie, York University and Oculus VR, LCC

Applicational needs have often reinvented views on scientific problems and thus triggered break-throughs in models and methods. A recent example is augmented/virtual reality which challenges the visual system with reduced or enriched content and thus triggers scientific questions on visual system’s robustness.

Nonetheless, the driving character of applications within VSS research has not received focal attention until now. Therefore, we intend to bring together bright minds in a satellite event promoting the scientific drive created by applicational needs within VSS 2017.

Tutorial in Bayesian modeling
Monday, May 22
2:00 – 4:30 pm, Sabal/Sawgrass

Organizer: Wei Ji Ma, New York University

Bayesian models are widespread in vision science. However, their inner workings are often obscure or intimidating to those without a background in modeling. This tutorial, which does not assume any background knowledge, will start by motivating Bayesian models through visual illusions. Then, you as participants will collectively choose a concrete experimental design to build a model for. We will develop the math of the Bayesian model of that task, and implement it in Matlab. You will take home complete code for a Bayesian model. Please bring pen, paper, and if possible, a laptop with Matlab.

Tutorial is limited to the first 50 people (first come, first-served).

The Experiential Learning Laboratory
Monday, May 22
2:15 – 3:15 pm, Citrus/Glades

Organizers: Ken Nakayama, Na Li, and Jeremy Wilmer; Harvard University and Wellesley College

Psychology is one of most popular subjects with some the highest enrollments and at the undergraduate level. Psychology is also a science. Yet, the exposure of the undergraduate population to the actual “hands-on” practice doing such science is limited. It is rare in an undergraduate curriculum to see the kind of undergraduate laboratories that have been a longstanding tradition in the natural sciences and engineering. It is our premise that well conceived laboratory experiences by Psychology students have the potential to bring some important STEM practices and values to Psychology. This could increase the number of students who will have the sophistication to understand science at a deeper level, who will have the ability to create new knowledge through empirical investigation and who will develop the critical skills to evaluate scientific studies and claims. Critically important here is to supply conditions to engage students more fully by encouraging student initiated projects and to use this opportunity for them to gain mastery. TELLab with its ease of use and its ability to allow students to create their own experiments is what distinguishes it from other currently available systems. We invite teachers to try our system for their classes.

WorldViz VR Workshop
Tuesday, May 23
1:00 – 2:30 pm, Sabal/Sawgrass

Organizer: Matthias Pusch, WorldViz

Virtual Reality is getting a lot of attention and press lately, but ‘hands on’ experiences with real use cases for this new technology are rare. This session will show what WorldViz has found to work for collaborative VR, and we will set up and try out an interactive VR experience together with the audience.

Honoring Al Ahumada – Al-apalooza! Talks
Wednesday, May 24
3:00 – 5:00 pm, Horizons

Organizers: Jeff Mulligan, NASA Ames Research Center and Beau Watson, Apple

A celebration of the life, work, and play of Albert Jil Ahumada, Jr., a whimsical exploration of network learning for spatial and color vision, noise methods, models of photoreceptor positioning, etc. An afternoon session of informal talks will be open to all free of charge, followed by an evening banquet (payment required).

Full details will be posted as they are available at http://visionscience.com/alapalooza/.

Honoring Al Ahumada – Al-apalooza! Dinner
Wednesday, May 24
7:00 – 10:00 pm, Beachside Sun Decks

Organizers: Jeff Mulligan, NASA Ames Research Center and Beau Watson, Apple

Full details will be posted as they are available at http://visionscience.com/alapalooza/. 

In the Fondest Memory of Bosco Tjan (Memorial Symposium)

Friday, May 19, 2017, 9:00 – 11:30 am, Talk Room 2

Organizers: Zhong-lin Lu, The Ohio State University and Susana Chung, University of California, Berkeley

Speakers: Zhong-lin Lu, Gordon Legge, Irving Biederman, Anirvan Nandy, Rachel Millin, Zili Liu, and Susana Chung

Professor Bosco S. Tjan was murdered at the pinnacle of a flourishing academic career on December 2, 2016. The vision science and cognitive neuroscience community lost a brilliant scientist and incisive commentator. I will briefly introduce Bosco’s life and career, and his contributions to vision science and cognitive neuroscience.

Bosco Tjan: An ideal scientific role model

Zhong-Lin Lu, The Ohio State University

Professor Bosco S. Tjan was murdered at the pinnacle of a flourishing academic career on December 2, 2016. The vision science and cognitive neuroscience community lost a brilliant scientist and incisive commentator. I will briefly introduce Bosco’s life and career, and his contributions to vision science and cognitive neuroscience.

Bosco Tjan: A Mentor’s Perspective on Ideal Observers and an Ideal Student

Gordon Legge, University of Minnesota

I will share my perspective on Bosco’s early history in vision science, focusing on his interest in the theoretical framework of ideal observers. I will discuss examples from his work on 3D object recognition, letter recognition and reading.

Bosco Tjan: The Contributions to Our Understanding of Higher Level Vision Made by an Engineer in Psychologist’s Clothing

Irving Biederman, University of Southern California

Bosco maintained a long-standing interest in shape recognition. In an extensive series of collaborations, he provided invaluable input and guidance to research: a) assessing the nature of the representation of faces, b) applying ideal observer and reverse correlation methodologies to understanding face recognition, c) exploring what the defining operations for the localization of LOC, the region critical for shape recognition, were actually reflecting, and d) key contributions to the design and functioning of USC’s Dornsife Imaging Center for Cognitive Neuroscience.

Bosco Tjan: A Beautiful Mind

Anirvan Nandy, Salk Institute for Biological Studies

Bosco was fascinated with the phenomenon of visual crowding – our striking inability to recognize objects in clutter, especially in the peripheral visual fields. Bosco realized that the study of crowding provided an unique window into the study of object recognition, since crowding represents a “natural breakdown” of the object recognition system that we otherwise take for granted. I will talk about a parsimonious theory that Bosco & I had proposed and which aimed to unify several disparate aspects of crowding within a common framework.

Bosco’s insightful approach to fMRI

Rachel Millin, University of Washington

Bosco was both a brilliant vision scientist and a creative methodologist. Through his work using fMRI to study visual processing, he became interested in how we could apply our limited understanding of the fMRI signal to better understand our experimental results. I will discuss a model that Bosco and I developed to simulate fMRI in V1, which aims to distinguish neural from non-neural contributions to fMRI results in studies of visual perception.

BOLD-o-metric Function in Motion Discrimination

Zili Liu, UCLA

We investigated fMRI BOLD responses in random-dot motion direction discrimination, in both event-related and blocked designs. Behaviorally, we obtained the expected psychometric functions as the angular difference between the motion direction and reference direction was systematically varied. Surprisingly, however, we found little BOLD modulation in the visual cortex as the task demand varied. (In collaboration with Bosco Tjan, Ren Na, Taiyong Bi, and Fang Fang)

Bosco Tjan: The Translator

Susana Chung, University of California, Berkeley

Bosco was not a clinician, yet, he had a strong interest in translating his knowledge and skills in basic science to issues that relate to people with impaired vision. I will present some of my collaboration work with Bosco that had shed light on how the brain adapts to vision loss in patients with macular disease.

Katherine J. Kuchenbecker to be Keynote Speaker at VSS 2017

VSS is pleased to welcome Katherine J. Kuchenbecker as the VSS 2017 Keynote Speaker. Katherine J. Kuchenbecker is Director of the new Haptic Intelligence Department at the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems in Stuttgart, Germany. She is currently on leave from her appointment as Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics at the University of Pennsylvania, where she held the Class of 1940 Bicentennial Endowed Term Chair and a secondary appointment in Computer and Information Science.

Katherine J. Kuchenbecker will discuss her work on capturing how objects and surfaces feel to the sense of touch in her talk, “Haptography: Capturing and Displaying Touch” which will be held on Saturday, May 20 at 7:15 pm in Talk Room 1-2.

Ken Nakayama Medal for Excellence in Vision Science Nominations Now Open

The Vision Sciences Society is pleased to announce the call for nominations for the “Ken Nakayama Medal for Excellence in Vision Science.” 

The Ken Nakayama Medal is in honor of Professor Ken Nakayama’s contributions to the Vision Sciences Society, as well as his innovations and excellence to the domain of the vision sciences. The winner of the Ken Nakayama Medal receives this honor for high-impact work that has made a lasting contribution in vision science in the broadest sense. The nature of this work can be fundamental, clinical or applied. The Medal is not a lifetime career award and is open to all career stages.

Nominations can be made by all regular members of the Vision Sciences Society, or those who hold emeritus status. The nominee does not have to be a member of the Vision Sciences Society. Nominations must be submitted by March 13, 2017. The winner will be announced in early April. The recipient will be recognized at the VSS 2017 Meeting in St. Pete Beach.

The nomination package should include the following:

  1. The nomination letter, outlining in detail the excellent contributions and innovations of the nominee. Clear indicators of the impact should be discussed.
  2. A Curriculum Vitae, and an up-to-date publication list of the nominee.
  3. Letters of support by four vision scientists, of which two should be regular VSS members (or hold emeritus status).

The award committee, consisting of the five most recent past-presidents of the Vision Sciences Society, will nominate one candidate to the current board of the Vision Sciences Society. Members of the Award Committee and of the VSS Board of Directors cannot serve as nominators.

Nominations for the Ken Nakayama Medal should be submitted by email to Shauney Wilson.

Deadline for nominations is March 13, 2017.

ARVO@VSS 2011

What the retina tells us about central visual processing

Time/Room: Friday, May 6, 2011, 5:00 – 6:45 pm, Royal Ballroom 4-5
Chair: Tony Movshon
Presenters: Jonathan Demb, Greg Field, Jay Neitz

This symposium was designed in conjunction with David Williams and Maarten Kamermans as part of the continuing series of exchange symposia that highlight the historical and continued shared areas of interests of VSS and ARVO. This year, the symposium is at VSS, intended to bring us some of the latest advances presented at ARVO. There will be three talks, all showcasing aspects of retinal function that are crucial for understanding central visual processing. The speakers are all experts and experienced speakers who will give excellent accounts of their important work.

Explaining receptive field properties at the level of synapses: lessons from the retina

Speaker: Jonathan Demb, University of Michigan

A visual neuron’s receptive field is generated by the combination of its unique pattern of synaptic inputs and intrinsic membrane properties. These cellular mechanisms underlying the receptive field can be studied efficiently in retinal ganglion cells, in vitro.  In this talk, I will describe recent progress in understanding the mechanisms for visual computations and adaptation in retinal circuitry.

High-resolution receptive field measurements in primate retinal ganglion cells, and their implications for color vision

Speaker: Greg Field, Salk Institute

Identifying the connectivity of the myriad neurons within a circuit is key to understanding its function.  We developed a novel technique to map the functional connectivity between thousands of cone photoreceptors and hundreds of ganglion cells in the primate retina.  These measurements reveal the nature of cone sampling by midget ganglion cells, providing insight to the origins of red-green color opponency.

The effect of genetic manipulation of the photopigments on vision and the implications for the central processing of color

Speaker: Jay Neitz, University of Washington

The processes responsible for color perception are accessible experimentally because of a wealth of genetic variations and because some components lend themselves to genetic manipulation. The addition of an opsin gene, as occurred in the evolution of color vision, and has been done experimentally produces expanded capacities providing insight into the neural circuitry.

Vision Sciences Society